Sample of Observation Essay 9 Years Child - 1593 Words

Your 9-year-old child will increasingly express an interest in and be able to take part in family decision-making, such as where to go on vacation or what foods to buy for meals. Nine-year-olds also love to plan their days, and may enjoy organizing her schedule on a planner. Nine-year-old children are also becoming much more independent, and becoming more interested in people and things outside of the immediate family. At the same time, 9-year-old children are more capable of handling Parents and caregivers should pay close attention to the examples they are setting for their child. Nine is a period of child development that’s full of changes and challenges for kids. They are on the brink of adolescence physically and emotionally, and will†¦show more content†¦But if you consistently reinforce the message that chores are something every member of your household does for the family and that it’s expected of her, your child will get used to the routine. And if you can make chores more fun by, say, cranking up some music while you clean and make sure to give your child lots of praise for a job well done, your child will be less likely to complain. There is no one like your child Every childs development is unique and complex. Although children develop through a generally predictable sequence of steps and milestones, they may not proceed through these steps in the same way or at the same time. A childs development is also greatly influenced by factors in his or her environment and the experiences he or she has. The information in this guide explains what child development experts consider to be widely-held expectations for what an average child might achieve within a given year. Please consider what you read in the context of your childs unique development. Below is a snapshot of this year. For more in-depth information click on the specific areas of development in the menu at the left. ------------------------------------------------- How your child may develop this year * Eight-year-olds enjoy having the opportunity to solve problems independently. They are able to concentrate on tasks for longer periods of time and begin to use their own resources prior to seeking adult help or they may seek out peers forShow MoreRelatedPiaget s Theory On Cognitive Development1449 Words   |  6 PagesThis essay seeks to investigate the strengths and weaknesses of Piaget’s theory on cognitive development. It will focus on Piaget’s work highlighting positive attributes and how they’re being applied in modern day and also delve on key limitations of the theory. Piaget was a Swiss psychologist who was interested on why children would give similar but wrong answers in an intelligence test (Vidal, 1994). Based on his observations, he concluded that children undergo sequential cognitive developmentRead MoreTheory of Cognitive Development and Jean Piaget2077 Words   |  9 PagesSwiss psychologist Jean Piaget was the first to study cognitive development systematically. One of his major contributions is his theory of cognitive development. However, his theory has numerous limitations and has come under frequent criticism. This essay will analyse four limitations of Piaget s theory and provide alternative accounts. The first three limitations will be presented through a cultural, social, neuroscientific point of view, and finally, end with the problems of research methods usedRead MoreA Comparison of Methods in Business Research3572 Words   |  15 PagesA Comparison of Methods in Business Research By Song Gao This essay compares the research method of case study with five other methods in business research. The five methods are focus group, in-depth interview, observation, questionnaires and field experiment. This essay provides the definition, advantages, disadvantages/limitations for each of the six methods. Moreover, five published articles related to case study method and two published articles related to each of the other five methods wereRead MorePTE Academic Test Taking Strategies3384 Words   |  14 PagesPTE Academic Test Taking Strategies Write essay This is a long-answer item type that assesses writing skills and requires you to write a persuasive or argumentative essay on a given topic. You will have 20 minutes to plan, write and revise an essay about the topic below. Your response will be judged on how well you develop a position, organize your ideas, present supporting details, and control the elements of standard written English. You should write 200-300 words. Some people think placingRead MoreObservation Essay3348 Words   |  14 Pagesone child’s development based on a series of observations you have made. In addition to informing your own understanding of development and learning, you can also consider how your findings can help you to identify ways of supporting the child’s development. Abstract This report will look at Observations within a Haringey Early Years setting and on one Child. I will make five various observations over a period of time. I will examine the observations through elements of her development and learning’sRead MoreThesis: formative Assessment7006 Words   |  29 Pagesthe Atlantic Canada English Language Arts Curriculum Although the terms assessment and evaluation are often used inter-changeably, in actuality they are two parts of the same process. Assessment is the process of gathering evidence of what the child can do. Evaluation is the process that follows this collection of data, including analysis and reflection, as well as decisions based on the data. The Foundation for the Atlantic Canada English Language Arts Curriculum provides a comprehensive overviewRead MoreMonitoring and Assessment in Early Years4531 Words   |  19 PagesChild Study and Classroom Based Observation Should We Make Time To Watch and Listen? Introduction The traditional place for assessment within teaching is at the end of a topic or significant time period when the teacher wishes to know how much information students have retained. This form of assessment often takes the form of a written test that is designed to give students a grade or level. Many researchers, however, believe that teaching and learning is a cyclical process that beginsRead MoreAction Research in English Subject5376 Words   |  22 PagesOGT scores of all students?† In our study, we found that providing a writing workshop at the beginning of the school year and using the interactive whiteboard and document camera to project rubrics and then having students grade writing samples of OGT answers provided numerous AH!HA! moments. From that point on, student writing samples showed a marked improvement from the previous year. Pre- and Post-Surveys, teacher journal entries, and critical colleague input showed that student interest and attitudeRead MoreScientific Method and Research5682 Words   |  23 Pagesexperimental drug is effective in alleviating depression in young adult but not older adults. a) mediating * b) moderating c) extraneous d) independent 9) According to your text there are three conditions for making justified claims of cause and effect. Which of the following is NOT one of these conditions: a) the independent and dependent variables must be related * b)Read MorePsy 244 Essay10464 Words   |  42 Pagestext. Under each heading will be a mix of true-false and multiple-choice questions, and possibly a few analogies, with all answers to be recorded on a scantron sheet. Along with the true-false and multiple-choice questions, there may be a few short essay questions to be answered directly on the test booklet. Because the test organization will follow the organization of the lectures, be thoroughly familiar with the material presented in lecture. For textbook readings, focus first on the material

Reality Shows Real or Fake - 2721 Words

What is a Reality Show? A television reality show features talent culled from the ranks of ordinary people, not professionally trained actors. Reality show producers typically shoot hundreds of hours of footage per episode and use creative editing to create a narrative thread. Subjects of a reality show may be given some rudimentary directions offscreen, but the point is to allow the performers to act and react as normally as possible. A reality show is not to be confused with a documentary, in which the subjects are asked to ignore the cameras and behave naturally. Many reality show producers encourage participants to play to the cameras as characters or use private taped conversations, called confessionals, as a form of narration. For†¦show more content†¦Certain competition or game shows were also considered early versions of reality TV, as were live airings of programs like The Miss America Pageant and the Oscars. It doesn’t get more real than David Niven’s 1974 ad lib comments at the Academy Awards as a streaker crossed behind him on the stage. Most television historians don’t consider documentaries or lengthy news stories as reality TV, but again these evoked people’s interest greatly. Anthropological studies of tribal groups, or watching the news â€Å"unfold† through camera coverage of events, like President Kennedy’s assassination, could be called the ancestors of modern reality TV. Another example of earlier than The Real World reality TV is the program Cops, which premiered in 1989. This is a few years before MTV would take on their ambitious Real World production, and showcased police officers in different cities making arrests or dealing with people behaving in criminal or dangerous fashion. The program is the longest running of reality TV programs, and celebrated its 19th anniversary on the air in 2008. Yet many people do see the programs above mentioned as predecessors to programs like The Real World first airing in 1992, and then the reality TV boom that occurred in the 2000s with programs like Survivor and American Idol. What MTV’s program offered was a look at seven strangers allShow MoreRelatedReality Tv - the Real Issues Essay1246 Words   |  5 Pagesnewest bands, media makes a difference in everyone’s life. Recently reality television has become a bigger, more popular pastime that many American people enjoy. With so many different reality shows coming out one of the biggest problems that America faces is what kind of message these shows are projecting to their viewers. Almost every reality show that’s out there right now is in some way almost degrading to regular human beings. Shows that get some of the most viewers include the ones with the worstRead MoreSymbolism In The Truman Show785 Words   |  4 Pagesfavored reality television show called †Å"The Truman Show.† The show is a live feed of Truman’s life. Cameras continue to roll 24 hours a day, seven days a week, commercial free. The whole world tunes in to watch and over the years has developed a connection with Truman. However, Truman Burbank has no idea. He believes he lives in the town of Seahaven, a staged set on which he has remained his whole life. In The Truman Show, Writer Andrew Niccol illustrates the theme of perception versus reality throughRead MorePlato And The Matrix Essay1463 Words   |  6 Pagesanswered. Both The Matrix and Plato provide alternate forms of reality, one that is based on truth and is fulfilling and one that is based on a false reality that offers false forms of fulfillment. The Matrix and Plato show the difference of living a life in a true reality and a â€Å"fake† reality where everything inside this reality is fake making the lives inside this reality fake. True education, the ability to recollect, and knowledge o f reality gives people the ability to live their lives in truth andRead MoreDuck Dynasty ´s Phil Robertson and His Interview and Opinion Regarding Homosexuality1278 Words   |  5 Pagesinterview. Regardless whether or not AE thought that his statements were derogatory, they certainly have many other hit TV shows with stars whose opinions differ from Phil’s. AE was quick to jump on him and suspend him indefinitely, which was extremely unfair for him. It seems to me that if he said what they had wanted him to say, he would be fake. Television is 85% fake these days and I cannot wrap my head around the fact that someone is being judged for being honest about one of their own personalRead MoreReality T.V. Essay534 Words   |  3 Pagesis a discussion of the real ethics of reality TV and how the current gender, media and popular culture depict a fusion between reality and reality on TV. The writing is based upon the Real Appeal: The Ethics of Reality TV, Catehrine Lumby and E lspeth Probyn. The idea that anyone can become famous is not fairly evident upon most TV viewers; however it is clear that TV makes the viewer believe that what they are viewing is true and it is for this reason that it becomes reality TV. TV exposes the publicRead MoreTruman Show1187 Words   |  5 PagesFears and External Obstacles versus Freedom to Leave (The Truman Show 1998) Lauren: Yeah. I know. Look, Truman, Im not allowed to talk to you. You know. Truman Burbank: Yeah, well, I can understand, Im a pretty dangerous character. - When Truman met Sylvia first time Everyone in the world has different characteristics and personalities. When many different characters make harmony together, it leads to great wealth in our lives. Not necessarily money, but the quality of life. However,Read MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet And A Midsummer Night s Dream1580 Words   |  7 Pagestrustworthy are only misinterpretations of reality created by our perspective, which make common illusions. Characters in Romeo Juliet and A Midsummer Night s Dream also experience this idea, demonstrated when they are tricked by their own perspective and only see what they think is the best scenario. Illusions are created based on people s perceptions of reality. It is then clear that in Romeo Juliet and A Midsummer Night s Dream, perspective creates reality. This perspective creates a version ofRead MoreThe Dream World With Dreams Essay1114 Words   |  5 Pagesof them in reality. Truth has a way of affecting a subconscious no matter how deeply beliefs are clung to. When truth is portrayed as fantasy, it allows people to accept the message without egos getting in the way. Inception is bringing you the unmitigated truth about reality. Time is illusory, reality isn’t made up of anything more than the energy of conscious thought and when we die, the dream we have created for ourselves will come to an end. When we die, we wake up to what is real. The thingRead MoreAnalysis Of How America Went Haywire1466 Words   |  6 Pageshas bred its own sense of reality and fantasyland of such that has had an impact on the way people think and act. Americans believe that they are exceptional and superior to everyone else and therefore they do not have to listen to what experts and facts have to say. It is all opinions and feelings that America bases their own reality on. Andersen writes this chapter and book for all Americans because he believes that everyone has taken part in the falsification of reality. He mainly focuses on tailoringRead MoreAllegory Of The Cave In Fahrenheit 451 By Ray Bradbury1565 Words   |  7 Pagesrevelations of the prisoner. Guy Montag is the prisoner in the novel. His society, with the fake reality, has caused him to undergo a series of struggles and revelations as he ascends. The novel and the allegory relate because the allegory is an outline for what the novel is.The allegory has a prisoner stage, the bonfire stage and an above ground stage. Montag went from being prisoner and believing in all the fake realities; such as, the fireman rules or any of societies rules. Then to the bonfire stage where

Pearl Harbor free essay sample

Amanda Pesce November 1 1, 2008 History Paper 2 Pearl Harbor The attack on Pearl Harbor was a surprise strike by the Japanese naw against the United States. As a result of this, the United States became involved in World War II. Pearl Harbor was attacked on December 7, 1941, Sunday morning. Before the attack, Americans ignored the war and continued sending the British ships and tanks while their enemies were making bombs. Americans had cut off the Japanese oil supply. They only had enough for eighteen months. This resulted in a massive sudden strike; the Japanese annihilated the Pacific fleet in a single attack at Pearl Harbor. Over 2,400 Americans were killed and over 1,000 were wounded. The Japanese plan was to send out radio messages for Americans to intercept. They wanted to make sure to mention Hawaii in all the clutter, to confuse them. So, by the time the Americans decoded the message it would be too late. We will write a custom essay sample on Pearl Harbor or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The United States focused more on the Japanese missing ships, and where they went to. Some Americans in the government thought it had to do with an attack on Pearl Harbor but others did not believe such thing would happened, and they were protected. All their ships were grouped together so they wouldnt be spread out into the water, Just s a precaution. The Japanese sent out one of their own over to Hawaii to take pictures, so they could finish out their plan, and would help then where to best hit them first, and where everything was located. This was a long process over many months. The Japanese were ready for attack, they sent out ships and submarines first because they would take the longest to get to Pearl Harbor, then they sent out the aircrafts which only took about four days to get there. There were hundreds of aircrafts covering the sky, so they could attack from all directions. They arrived Sunday morning of December 7, 1941, while many were still sleeping. They first attacked the ships in the harbor with torpedoes from their ships and submarines. It was an easy target since all the American ships were grouped together. The torpedoes were made with a western fin so they were able to travel through the shallow harbor. Aircrafts dropped torpedoes and heavy bombs. Their next attack was on land, destroying the American Aircrafts. It was the biggest explosion that was never ending, the skies filled with fire and black smoke from the aftermath, aircrafts swarming the skies destroying everything. The Japanese sank and damaged many if not all battleships, destroyers and cruisers. Their main target was the U. S. S Arizona in which they succeeded. Aircrafts were destroyed; Americans tried to salvage what they could and fight back. They had few aircrafts left that may have saved Pearl Harbor from being indefinitely ruined. The Americans destroyed some Japanese aircrafts which resulted in the rest of them flying back to Japan. Sixty-five years ago today, the United States endured an attack on Pearl Harbor, devastating enemy attack on U. S. soil. ( Miles, Pearl Harbor) Japan hoped to eliminate Pearl Harbor as a threat to the Japanese Empires expansion south by destroying the U. S.

Australian Aboriginal peoples and evidence - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Australian Aboriginal peoples and evidence. Answer: In the present healthcare scenario in Australia, there is no secret that Aboriginal people experience poorer health as compared to non-indigenous people. Health disparities in terms of access to healthcare services and treatment for major illness are disquieting in an affluent country like Australia. This disparity in healthcare among the Aboriginals is penetrating the heart of country declaring that they are to be forgotten people as the issue need to be catapulted to the forefront of the countrys healthcare system. As per the damning article by The Sydney Morning Herald, Australia, there is ongoing racism in the present healthcare system that is exacerbating the yawning gap between Aboriginals and non-indigenous health (Humanrights.gov.au, 2017). This stark finding is a reminder for nursing practice that being healthcare professionals, at every level need to have cultural sensitivity while working with indigenous communities for the preservation of common good. There is a failure to engage the Aboriginals effectively in the healthcare system that is resulting in poor health outcomes among them. A widespread and disturbing ambivalence is related to discomfort, social silence and denial characterises the mainstream Australian population. The problem of racism anxiety at all health system levels fail to acknowledge their health problem, cultural needs and identity that act as barriers to their access to healthcare services. Nursing is the profession that can help to establish health equality in the healthcare system being at the frontline in the provision of care. The elements of cultural sensitivity, concern and care elements instilled in nursing practice help in the promotion of common good in the society locally and globally (Schoo, Lawn Carson, 2016). The above discussion seems alarming realizing that competing priorities argue that whether the principle of common good is promoting health equalities among the Aboriginal and non-indigenous population. From the nursing perspective, there is need for recognition of racism that is acting as strong barrier to the achievement of health equality and culturally safe healthcare system for the Aboriginals. The state and federal government need to work in collaboration with co-ordinated partnerships taking into account the cultural and social determinants of health. Nursing profession is at the prime position and has the ability to holistically address this health inequality rooting from social determinants, stemming and branching off. Nurses work towards health promotion in a direct and indirect manner for the prevention and treatment of illness along with advocacy in the provision of care (Phillips Malone, 2014). They are placed in such a position where the poor health outcomes of Aborigi nals can be improved through alleviating the worst effects of racism and poverty. The past treatment of Aboriginals in Australia is a direct failure in closing the gap that is highly unacceptable. The Australian Human Rights Commission along with the United Nations described that social disadvantage Aboriginals are facing in Australia today. Closing the Gap is the main target to increase accessibility to healthcare for the Aboriginals. There is lack of cultural incompetency and that acts as a significant barrier in seeking healthcare services as there is no respectful rapport or relationship formed between the healthcare professional and an Aboriginal patient (Doyle, 2015). Nurses can help to close the distinct difference between Aboriginals and non-indigenous population by committing to social justice and heath equity central to nursing. For the promotion of common good, there is requirement of nurses attention towards health disparities among Aboriginals that is deeply embedded in their profession in making societal impact. In the nursing profession, heath equity is the main priority where every individual should have equal access to healthcare services attaining fairness being the part and parcel of their teaching, research and practice. Under the Standards of Practice for registered nurses in Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia (NMBA), nurses should recognize the importance of culture to health and wellbeing understanding the impact of colonization on social, cultural and spiritual lives of Aboriginals that has contributed to significant health disparities in Australia (Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia, 2017). Closing the Gap is one initiative regarding health equity and availability reflecting the research being done to reduce health gap. The enjoyment and recognition of their cultural and human rights is one way to eradicate the health disparity among Aboriginals. As nurses spend maximum amount of time with patients, future nursing profession can aid to address the institutionalized racism, intergenerational trauma and cultural pre-eminence against Aboriginal health inequality (Taylor, 2016). Indigenous nursing is a ray of hope that can make difference and close the gap in the health disparity among Aboriginals ensuring equality in healthcare. Cultural sensitivity and health equality among Aboriginals can protect their human rights and promote common good where nurses commit to see positive health outcomes closing the gap in the future. References Doyle, K. E. (2015). Australian Aboriginal peoples and evidence-based policies: Closing the gap in social interventions.Journal of evidence-informed social work,12(2), 166-174. Humanrights.gov.au, (2017), Close the Gap: Indigenous Health Campaign | Australian Human Rights Commission. (2017). Retrieved from https://www.humanrights.gov.au/our-work/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-social-justice/projects/close-gap-indigenous-health Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia, (2017), Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia - Professional standards. Retrieved from https://www.nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au/Codes-Guidelines-Statements/Professional-standards.aspx Phillips, J. M., Malone, B. (2014). Increasing racial/ethnic diversity in nursing to reduce health disparities and achieve health equity.Public Health Reports,129(1_suppl2), 45-50. Schoo, A., Lawn, S., Carson, D. (2016). Towards equity and sustainability of rural and remote health services access: supporting social capital and integrated organisational and professional development.BMC health services research,16(1), 111. Taylor, G. (2016). Closing the gap: A decade on.Newsmonth,36(2), 2.

Twelfth night A monologue from the play by William Shakespeare Essay Example For Students

Twelfth night A monologue from the play by William Shakespeare Essay A monologue from the play by William Shakespeare VIOLA: I left no ring with her. What means this lady?Fortune forbid my outside have not charmed her.She made good view of me; indeed, so muchThat, as methought, her eyes had lost her tongue,For she did speak in starts distractedly. She loves me sure; the cunning of her passionInvites me in this churlish messenger.None of my lords ring? Why, he sent her none.I am the man. If it be so, as tis,Poor lady, she were better love a dream.Disguise, I see thou art a wickednessWherein the pregnant enemy does much.How easy is it for the proper falseIn womens waxen hearts to set their forms!Alas, our frailty is the cause, not we,For such as we are made of, such we be.How will this fadge? My master loves her dearly;And I (poor monster) fond as much on him;And she (mistaken) seems to dote on me.What will become of this? As I am man,My state is desperate for my masters love.As I am woman (now alas the day!),What thriftless sighs shall poor Olivia breathe?O Time, thou must untangle this, not I;It is too hard a knot for me t untie. We will write a custom essay on Twelfth night A monologue from the play by William Shakespeare specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now

Causes of Texas Independence

Causes of Texas Independence Why did Texas want independence from Mexico? On October 2, 1835, rebellious Texans took shots at Mexican soldiers in the town of Gonzales. It was barely a skirmish, as the Mexicans left the battlefield without attempting to engage the Texans, but nevertheless the Battle of Gonzales is considered the first engagement of what would become Texas War of Independence from Mexico. The battle, however, was only the start of the actual fighting: tensions had been high for years between the Americans who had come to settle Texas and the Mexican authorities. Texas formally declared independence in March of 1836: there were many reasons why they did so. 1. The Settlers Were Culturally American, Not Mexican Mexico only became a nation in 1821, after winning independence from Spain. At first, Mexico encouraged Americans to settle Texas. They were given land that no Mexicans had yet laid claim to. These Americans became Mexican citizens and were supposed to learn Spanish and convert to Catholicism. They never really became Mexican, however: they kept their language and ways and culturally had more in common with the people of the USA than with Mexico. These cultural ties with the USA made the settlers identify more with the USA than Mexico and made independence (or US statehood) more attractive. 2. The Slavery Issue Most of the American settlers in Mexico were from southern states, where slavery was still legal. They even brought their slaves with them. Because slavery was illegal in Mexico, these settlers made their slaves sign agreements giving them the status of indentured servants – essentially slavery by another name. The Mexican authorities grudgingly went along with it, but the issue occasionally flared up, especially when slaves ran off. By the 1830s, many settlers were afraid that the Mexicans would take their slaves away: this made them favor independence. 3. The Abolishment of the 1824 Constitution One of Mexico’s first constitutions was written in 1824, which was about the time that the first settlers arrived in Texas. This constitution was heavily weighted in favor of states’ rights (as opposed to federal control). It allowed the Texans great freedom to rule themselves as they saw fit. This constitution was overturned in favor of another that gave the federal government more control, and many Texans were outraged (many Mexicans in other parts of Mexico were, too). Reinstatement of the 1824 constitution became a rallying cry in Texas before the fighting broke out. 4. Chaos in Mexico City Mexico suffered great growing pains as a young nation in the years after independence. In the capital, liberals and conservatives fought it out in the legislature (and occasionally in the streets) over issues such as states rights and the separation (or not) of church and state. Presidents and leaders came and went. The most powerful man in Mexico was Antonio Là ³pez de Santa Anna. He was president several times, but he was a notorious flip-flopper, generally favoring liberalism or conservatism as it fit his needs. These problems made it impossible for Texans to solve their differences with the central government in any lasting way: new governments often reversed decisions made by previous ones. 5. Economic Ties with the USA Texas was separated from most of Mexico by large swaths of desert with little in the way of roads. For those Texans who produced export crops, such as cotton, it was far easier to send their goods downstream to the coast, ship it to a nearby city like New Orleans and sell them there. Selling their goods in Mexican ports was nearly prohibitively hard. Texas produced a lot of cotton and other goods, and the resulting economic ties with the southern US hastened its departure from Mexico. 6. Texas Was Part of the State of Coahuila y Texas: Texas was not a state in the United States of Mexico,  it was half of the state of Coahuila y Texas. From the beginning, the American settlers (and many of the Mexican Tejanos as well) wanted statehood for Texas, as the state capital was far away and difficult to reach. In the 1830s, the Texans would occasionally have meetings and make demands of the Mexican government: many of these demands were met, but their petition for separate statehood was always denied. 7. The Americans Outnumbered the Tejanos In the 1820s and 1830s, Americans were desperate for land, and often settled in dangerous frontier territories if land was available. Texas has some great land for farming and ranching and when it was opened up, many went there as fast as they could. Mexicans, however, never wanted to go there. To them, Texas was a remote, undesirable region. The soldiers stationed there were usually convicts: when the Mexican government offered to relocate citizens there, no one took them up on it. The native Tejanos, or native-born Texas Mexicans, were few in number and by 1834 the Americans outnumbered them by as many as four-to-one. 8​.  Manifest Destiny Many Americans believed that Texas, as well as other parts of Mexico, should belong to the USA. They felt that the USA should extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and that any Mexicans or Indians in between should be kicked out to make way for the rightful owners. This belief was called Manifest Destiny. By 1830, the USA had taken Florida from the Spanish and the central part of the nation from the French (via the Louisiana Purchase). Political leaders such as Andrew Jackson officially disowned rebel actions in Texas but covertly encouraged Texas settlers to rebel, giving tacit approval of their deeds. The Path to Texas Independence Mexicans were keenly aware of the possibility of Texas splitting off to become a state of the USA or an independent nation. Manuel de Mier y Tern, a respected Mexican military officer, was sent to Texas to make a report on what he saw. He gave a report in 1829 in which he reported the large number of legal and illegal immigrants into Texas. He recommended that Mexico increase its military presence in Texas, outlaw any further immigration from the USA and move large numbers of Mexican settlers into the area. In 1830, Mexico passed a measure to follow Terns suggestions, sending additional troops and cutting off further immigration. But it was too little, too late, and all the new resolution accomplished was to anger those settlers already in Texas and hasten the independence movement. There were many Americans who immigrated to Texas with the intention of being good citizens of Mexico. The best example is Stephen F. Austin. Austin managed the most ambitious of the settlement projects and insisted his colonists adhere to the laws of Mexico. In the end, however, the differences between the Texans and the Mexicans were too great. Austin himself changed sides and supported independence after years of fruitless wrangling with the Mexican bureaucracy and about a year in a Mexican prison for supporting Texas statehood a little too vigorously. Alienating men like Austin was the worst thing Mexico could have done: when even Austin picked up a rifle in 1835, there was no going back. On October 2, 1835, the first shots were fired in the town of Gonzales. After the Texans captured San Antonio, General Santa Anna marched north with a massive army. They overran the defenders at the Battle of the Alamo on March 6, 1836. The Texas legislature had officially declared independence a few days before. On April 21, 1835, the Mexicans were crushed at the Battle of San Jacinto. Santa Anna was captured, essentially sealing Texas independence. Although Mexico would try several times in the next few years to reclaim Texas, it joined the USA in 1845. Sources Brands, H.W. Lone Star Nation: the Epic Story of the Battle for Texas Independence. New York: Anchor Books, 2004. Henderson, Timothy J. A Glorious Defeat: Mexico and Its War With the United States. Hill and Wang, 2007, New York.

Banking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Banking - Essay Example Depository insurance can be obtained instantly and they are not traded debts since bank incentive take risks and they have no discipline from market prices. Depository insurance have a role of disciplining the management and reduction moral hazard that is, infinite maturity infers that deposits can rapidly disappear; leading to moral hazard; sequential examination also gives a benefit to monitor such services(Pastre?, 2007). Depository insurance helps in ensuring less costly and unnecessary liquidations, duplication of deposits are avoided through monitoring and less probability of runs on solvent thus reducing shock to supply of money at macro level. Depository insurance relates to bank runs in that without monitoring of projects may be vulnerable resulting into socially uneconomical of projects. Allman (2006) describes the lender of the last resort as that institution which is willing to give loans as a last option to banks or other financial institutions that are undergoing financ ial problem that is considered highly risky. Such a firm is usually the country’s central bank. The lender of the last resort produces currency at its discretion to support institutions facing financial problems. ... Since they provide liquidity assistance they help curb the insolvency problem. The lender of the last resort therefore, eases smooth bank runs through recapitalizing the insolvent banks. This helps the financial institutions to enhance their consumer protection. In conclusion, both depository insurance and lender of the last resort have the one thing in common in that they tend to protect various financial institutions from insolvency challenges leading to efficient and effective bank runs. Essay Two An economic theory is a concept or an idea put forward to explain various economic aspects that exist in the world economy. Economic theories are those specifically, these theories explain the aspects in line with monetary effects and financial aspects related to the management and utilization of scarce resources exhaustively (Allman, 2006). The major theories that illustrate the existence of bank include: Economies of scale theory Here, transaction prices at core tend to increase this i s due to fixed cost of evaluating assets thus reducing average costs of trading. This shows that individual cannot at any time diversify perfectly since, bank pool risk and diversify portfolio are cheaper and that the payment services are also cheaper (Pastre?, 2007). A special situation is where liquidity insurance and economies of scale in risk pulling is experienced. Liquidity focuses on the banks cashable deposits as assets are long term and illiquid. Therefore, banks as pools of liquidity gives people with insurance in opposition to idiosyncratic shocks that they can only observe. Banks also protect borrowers from early encashment of loans. Asymmetrical information theory This involves screening to overcome adverse selection whereby intermediaries screen the quality

Summary of Chapter 1_The End of Risk-Free Rate Assignment

Summary of Chapter 1_The End of Risk-Free Rate - Assignment Example This is because the bonds provide funds for healthcare, education, law enforcement as well as other public requirements. The most common theories associated to risk free rate and from which other valuations are derived include modern portfolio theory (MPT) and the capital asset pricing model (CAPM). Additionally, the risk free rate functions in rare occasions since the MPT maintains that there is only one risk-free rate, which is the risk-free rate asset that pays a low rate. The risk free rate is used by MPT to determine the optimum portfolio. At the basic level, risk is said to be the probability of outcomes or events and is divided into three main categories that include absolute, default and relative risk. There have been attempts to use alternatives to the risk-free rate such as the T-bill that remains the best option since it was the closest investment to a short-term riskless security. The main reason why the risk-free rate has changed is the catastrophic events happening in most developed countries’ economies that include credit market collapses, stock market collapses, and wars. The valuation level of the risk-free rate can be determined or judged through the Fisher equation. The idea that treasury bills have yielded zero or negative in certain periods indicates that there is no real risk-free rate. On the other hand, there have been increased debts in major governments and the development of other aspects such as debt mutualization. This is because of realization of too little growth versus intense debts. In some instances, the total debt has exceeded the total GDP. Without growth, fiscal consolidation proves futile. Fiscal measures should be permanent to help in reduction of debt. If austerity is followed, it could take approximately 10 years to realize results. Debt ratio might increase by attempting to reduce it through austerity, which adds risk premium to government bonds over time. The market demand for safe assets has

Foundation of Theology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Foundation of Theology - Essay Example All the official teachings of the Church and the official documents of the Church must have their basis on these foundations of Catholic Theology. One of such official Church document is the Vatican 11 document. An analysis of the 16 documents in the Vatican 11 document shows that all the documents are based on the foundations of Catholic Theology. This paper analysis four of the 16 documents in Vatican 11 document and shows how the fathers in the Vatican 11 Council based their teachings in these four documents on the foundations of Catholic Theology. These four selected documents are Lumen Gentium, Sacrosantum Concilium, Gaudium et Spes, and Orientalium Ecclesiarum. Each of these documents deals with different and particular aspects of the life of the Catholic Church. The selected documents are well analysed and the basis of the documents on the foundations of Catholic Theology are given. Dogmatic Constitution on the Church (Lumen Gentium) The document Lumen Gentium is the document in Vatican 11 documents that gives the dogmas of the Church. An analysis of this document shows that the document is based on the foundations of Catholic Theology. To begin with, the document, Lumen Gentium, is deeply rooted in the Sacred Scriptures, i.e. every chapter of the document has its basis on the Sacred Scriptures. ... Lumen Gentium continues to show how Jesus Christ sent the gift of the Holy Spirit to the disciples on Pentecost day. The Holy Spirit, therefore, is the real authority behind the teachings of the Church for it is him who empowered and enlightened the disciples. This therefore shows that the dogmatic constitution of the Church (Lumen Gentium) has its origin in the Holy Spirit and it is, therefore, the revealed truth of God to His people. Having shown the origin of the dogmas of the Church based on the teachings of the Scriptures, the document explains the various roles of the people of God, i.e. the laity, the bishops, the priests, and the consecrated people/the religious people. All the roles of these groups of people in the Church of Jesus Christ are explained according to the teachings of the Scriptures. In nutshell, all the content of lumen Gentium is based on the Scriptures. The content of the Lumen Gentium is also rooted in the traditions of the Church. For instance, on the teach ings on the Blessed Virgin Mary and her role on the economy of Salvation, Lumen Gentium draws heavily on the traditions of the Church. Lumen Gentium confirms that Mary is, indeed, the mother of God. This confirmation is perfectly in line with the traditions of the Church that teaches that Mary is, indeed, Theotokos (Mother of God). The document also confirms that the Blessed Virgin Mary was a virgin before and even after the birth of Jesus Christ. This teaching is found in the traditions of the Church, but not directly from the Scriptures. On the role of Mary on the economy of Salvation, Lumen Gentium teaches that by obeying to be the mother of God, the Blessed Virgin Mary cooperated in the work of salvation and her role, therefore, is not merely

Problems Of The Aging Health And Social Care Essay

Problems Of The Aging Health And Social Care Essay for death from cancer, Management of the elderly cancer patient becomes complex because other chronic conditions, such as osteoarthritis, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and heart disease, must also be considered in their care. The attitude of health care providers towards older adults affect their health care. Unfortunately, research indicates that health care professionals are significantly more negative in their attitudes towards older patients than younger ones. This attitude must change if the health care provider is to have a positive interaction with the elderly patient. These attitude appear to be related to the pervasive stereotyping of the elderly, which serves to justify avoiding care and contact with them, as well as being reminders of our own mortality. Ageism is a term used to describe the stereotyping of and discrimination against elderly persons and is considered to be similar to that of the racism and sexism. It emphasized that frequently the elderly are perceived to be repulsive and that a distaste for the aging process itself exists. Ageism suggests that he majority of elderly are senile, miserable most of the time, and dependent rather than independent individuals. The media have also influenced on going stereotypical notions about the elderly. Health care providers must learn to appreciate the positive aspects of aging so that they can assists the elderly in having a positive experience with their imaging procedure. PHYSICAL, COGNITIVE, AND PSYCHOSOCIAL EFFECTS OF AGING The human body undergoes a multiplicity of physiologic change second by second. Little considerations is given regarding these changes unless they are brought on by sudden physical, psychological, or cognitive events. Radiographers must remember that each elderly person they encounter is a unique individual with distinct characteristics. These individual have experienced a life filled with memories and accomplishment. Young or old, the definition of quality of life is an individual and personal one. Research has shown that health status is an excellent predictor of happiness. Greater social contact, health satisfaction, low vulnerable personality traits, fewer stressful life events have been linked to successful aging. Self-efficacy can be defined as the level of control one has over ones future. Many elderly people feel they have no control over medical emergencies and fixed incomes. Many have fewer choices about their personal living arrangements. These environmental factors can lead to depression and decreased self-efficacy. An increase in illness will usually parallel a decrease in self-efficacy. The elderly may experience changing roles from life of independence. The family role of an adult caring for children and grandchildren may evolved into the children caring for their caring aging parents. It is also a time of loss. Losses may include the death of a spouse and friends, as well as loss of income due to retirement. The loss of health may be the reason for the health care visit. The overall loss control may lead to isolation and depression in the elderly. Death and dying is also an imminent fact of life. The aging process alone does not likely alter the essential core of human being. Physical illness is not aging, and age-related changes in the body are often modest in magnitude. As one ages, the tendencies to prefer slower-paced activities, take longer to learn new tasks, become more forgetful, and lose portions of sensory processing skills increase slowly but perceptibly. Health care professionals need to be reminded that aging and disease are not synonymous. The more closely a function is tied to physical capabilities, the more likely it is to decline with age, whereas the closer a function depends on experience, the more likely it will increase with age. Joint stiffness, weight gain, fatigue and loss of bone mass can be slowed through proper nutritional interventions and low-impact exercise. The importance of exercise cannot be overstated . Exercise has been shown increase aerobic capacity and mental speed. Exercise programs designed for the elderly should emphasized increased strength, flexibility, and endurance. One of the best predictors of good health in later years is the number and extent of healthy lifestyles that were established in earlier life. The elderly person may shown decreases in attention skills during complex tasks. Balance , coordination, strength and reaction time all decrease with age. Falls associated with balance problems are common in the elderly population, resulting in a need to concentrate on walking. Not overwhelming them with instructions is helpful. Their hesitation to follow instructions may be fear instilled from a previous fall. Sight, hearing, taste and smell are all sensory modalities that decline with age. Older people have more difficulty with bright lights and tuning out background noise. Many elderly people become adept at lip reading to compensate for loss of hearing. For radiographers to assume that all elderly patients are hard of hearing is not usual; they are not talking in a normal tone, while making volume adjustments only if necessary, is a good rule of thumb. Speaking slowly, directly, and distinctly when giving instructions allows older adults an opportunity to sort through directions and improves their ability to follow them with better accuracy. Cognitive impairment in the elderly can be caused by disease, aging, and disuse. Dementia is defined as progressive cognitive impairment that eventually interferes with daily functioning. It includes cognitive, psychologic, and functional deficits including memory impairment. With normal aging comes a slowing down and a gradual wearing out of bodily systems bit it does not include dementia . Yet the prevalence of dementia increases with age. Persistent disturbances in cognitive functioning, including memory and intellectual ability, accompany dementia. Fears of cognitive loss, especially Alzheimers disease, are widespread among older people. Alzheimers disease is the most common form of dementia. Therefore health care professionals are more likely to encounter people with this type. The majority of elderly people work at maintaining and keeping their mental functions by staying active through mental games and exercises and keeping engaged in regular conversation. When caring for pati ents with any degree of dementia, verbal conversation should be inclusive and respectful. One should never discuss the patients as through they are not in the room or are not active participants in the procedure. One of the first questions asked of any patient entering a health care facilities for emergency service Do you know where you are and what day it is? The health care providers need to know just how alert the patient is. Although memory does decline with age, this is experienced mostly with short-term memory tasks. Long-term memory or subconscious memory tasks show little change over time and with increasing age. There can be a variety of reasons for confusion or disorientation. Medication, psychiatric disturbance, or retirement can confuse the patient. For some older people, retirement means creating a new set routines and adjusting to them. The majority of elders like structure in their lives and have familiar routines for approaching each day. PHYSIOLOGY OF AGING Health and well- being depend largely on the degree to which organ systems can successfully work together to maintain internal stability, With age, there is apparently a gradual impairment of these homeostatic mechanisms. Elderly people experience nonuniform, gradual, ongoing organ function failure in all systems. Many of the body organs gradually lose strength with advancing age. These changes place the elderly at risk for disease or dysfunction, especially in the presence of stress. At some point the likelihood of illness, disease and death increases. Various physical diseases and disorder affect both mental and physical health of people of all ages. They are more profound among elderly people because diseases and disorders among older people are more likely to be chronic in nature. Although aging is inevitable, the aging experience is highly individual and is affected by heredity, lifestyle choices physical health, and attitude. A great portion of usual aging risks can be modified with positive shifts in life style. In elderly, the aging of the organs systems is one of the process where they need to understands and there are as list below: Integumentary systems disorders Nervous systems disorders Sensory systems disorders Musculoskeletal systems disorders Cardiovascular systems disorders Gastrointestinal system disorder Immune system decline Respiratory system disorder Hematologic system disorders Genitourinary systems disorders Endocrine systems disorders. THE RADIOGRAPHERS ROLE The role of the radiographer is no different than that of all other health professionals. The whole person must be treated, not just the manifested symptoms of an illness or injury. Medical imaging and therapeutic procedures reflect the impact of ongoing systemic aging in documentable and visual forms. Adapting procedures to accommodate disabilities and disease of geriatric patients is a critical responsibility and a challenge based almost exclusively on the radiographers knowledge, abilities, and skill. An understanding of the physiology and pathology of aging, in addition to an awareness of the economic the social, psychologic, cognitive, and economic aspects of aging, are required to meet the needs of the elderly population. Conditions typically associated with elderly patient invariably require adaptations or modifications of routine imaging procedures. The radiographer must be able to differentiate between age related changes and disease processes. Production of diagnostic image s requiring professional decision making to compensate for physiologic changes, while maintaining the compliance, safety, and comfort of the patient, is foundation of the contract between the elderly patient and the radiographer. RADIOGRAPHIC POSITIONING FOR GERIATRIC PATIENTS The preceding discussions and understanding of the physical, cognitive, and psychosocial effects of aging can help radiographers adapt to the positioning challenges of the geriatric patient. In come cases routine examinations need to be modified to accommodate the limitation, safety, and comfort of the patient. Communicating clear instructions with the patient is important. The following discussion addresses positioning suggestion for various structures. The common radiography examinations for geriatrics are: Chest Spine Pelvis/hip Upper extremity Lower extremity CHEST The position of choice for the chest radiograph is the upright position; however, the elderly patient may not be able to stand without assistance for this examination. The traditional posteroanterior (PA) position is to have the backs of hands on hips. This may be difficult for someone with impaired balance and flexibility. The radiographer can allow the patient to warp his or her arms around the chest stands as a means of support and security. The patient may not be able to maintain his or her arms over the head for lateral projection of the chest. Provide extra security and stability while moving the arms up and forwards. When the patient cannot stands, The examination may be done seated in a wheelchair, but some issues will affected the radiographic quality. First, the radiologist need to be aware that the radiograph is an anteroposterior (AP) instead of a PA projection, which may make comparison difficult. Hyperkyphosis can result in the lung apices being obscured, and the abdomen may obscure the lung bases. In sitting position, respiration may be compromised, and the patient should be instructed on the importance of a deep inspiration. Positioning of the image receptor for kyphotic patient should be higher than normal because the shoulder and apices are in a higher position. Radiographic landmarks may change with age, and the centering may need to be lower, if the patient is extremely kyphotic. When positioning the patient for the sitting lateral chest projection, the radiographer should place a large sponge behind the patient to lean him or her forward. Sitting Chest PA Chest Standing SPINE Radiographic spine examinations may be painful for the patient suffering from osteoporosis who is lying on the x-ray table. Positioning aids such as radiolucent sponge, sandbags, and a mattress may be used as long as the quality, of the image is not compromised. Performing upright radiographic examination may be also appropriate if a patient can safely tolerate this position. The combination of cervical lordosis and thoracic kyphosis can make positioning and visualization of the cervical and thoracic spine difficult. Lateral cervical projections can be done with the patient standings, sitting, or lying supine. The AP projection in the sitting position may not visualized the upper cervical vertebrae because the chin may obscure this anatomy. In the supine position the head may not reach the table and result in magnification. The AP and open-mouth projection are difficult to do in wheelchair. The thoracic and lumbar spines are sites for compression fractures. The use of positioning blocks may be necessary to help the patient remain in position. For the lateral projection, a lead blocker or shield behind the spine should be used to absorb as much scatter radiation as possible. Lateral Spine PELVIS/HIP Osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, and injuries as the result of falls contribute to hip pathologies. A common fracture in the elderly is the femoral neck. An AP projection of the pelvis should be done to examine the hip. If indication is trauma, the radiographer should not attempt to rotate the limbs. The second view taken should be a cross-table lateral of the affected hip. If hip pain is the indication, assist the patient to internal rotation of the legs with the use of sandbags if necessary. Immobilization device are place to the patient foot. UPPER EXTREMITY Positioning the geriatric patient for projections of the upper extremities can present its own challenges. Often the upper extremities have limited flexibility and mobility. A cerebrovascular accident or stroke may cause contractures of the affected limb. Contracted limbs cannot be forced into position, and cross-table views may need to be done. The inability of the patient to move his or her limb should not be interpreted as a lack of cooperation. Supination is often a problem in patients with contractures, fractures, and paralysis. The routine AP and lateral projections can be supported with the use of sponges, sandbags, and blocks to raise and support the extremity being imaged. The shoulder is also a site decreased mobility, dislocation, and fractures. The therapist should assess how much movement the patient can do before attempting to move the arm. The use of finger sponges may also help with the contractures of the fingers. Hand Projection Lateral Wrist LOWER EXTREMITY The lower extremities may have limited flexibility and mobility. The ability to dorsiflex the ankle may be reduced as a result of neurologic disorders. Imaging on the x-ray table may need to be modified when a patient cannot turn on his or her side. Flexion of the knee may be impaired and required a cross-table lateral projection. If tangential projection of the patella, such as the Settegast method, is necessary and the patient can turn on his or her side, place the image receptor superior to the knee and direct to central ray perpendicular through the patellofemoral joint. Projections of the feet and ankles may be obtained with the patient sitting in the wheelchair. The use of positioning sponges and sandbags support and maintain the position of the body part being imaged. AP Ankle Projection Lateral Ankle Projection PATIENT CARE Patient care must be apply to geriatric patient because they all are all fragile where their bone can easily broke or they can be easily fainted during the examination. For communications, take time to educate the patient and his or her family, speak lower and closer, and treat the patient with dignity and respect. Transportation and lifting patient are also be need because geriatrics patient is not stronger than normal person. If possible, give the patient time to rest between projection and procedures. Avoid adhesive tape because elderly skin is thin and fragile. Provide warm blankets in cold examination rooms, use table pads and hands rails and always access the patients medical history before contrast media is administered. Take time with the patient Immobilization Device CONCLUSION The imaging professional will continue to see a change in health care delivery system with the dramatic shift in the population of persons older than age 65. This shift in the general population is resulting in an ongoing increase in the number of medical imaging procedures preformed on elderly patients. Demographic and social effects aging determine the way in which the elderly adapt to and view the process of aging. An individuals family size and perceptions of aging, economic resources, gender , race, ethnicity, social class, and the availability and delivery of health care will affect the quality of the aging experience. Biologic age will be much more critical than chronologic aging when determining the health status of the elderly. Healthier lifestyles and advancement in medical treatment will create a generation of successfully aging adults, which in turn should decrease the negative stereotyping of the elderly person. Attitudes of all health care professionals, whether positiv e or negative, will affect the care provided to be growing elderly population. Education about the mental and physiologic alterations associated with aging, along with the cultural, economic and social influences accompanying aging, enables the radiographer to adapt imaging and therapeutic procedures to the elderly patients disabilities resulting from age-related changes. The human body undergoes a multiplicity of physiologic changes and failure in all systems. The aging experience is affected by heredity, lifestyle choices, physical health, and attitude, making it highly individualized. No individuals aging process is predictable and is never exactly the same as that of any other individual. Radiologic technologists must use their knowledge, abilities, and skills to adjust imaging procedures to accommodate for disabilities and disease encountered with geriatric patients. Safety and comfort of the patient is essential in maintaining compliance throughout imaging procedures. Implementation of skills such as good communication, listening, sensitivity, and empathy, all lead to patient compliance. Knowledge of age-related changes and disease process will enhance the radiographers ability to provide diagnostic information and treatment when providing care that meets the needs of the increasing elderly patient population.

Artificial Contraception :: essays research papers fc

There are many forms of artificial contraception. I am going to discuss some of those forms and the Church’s opinion. Condoms, or rubbers, are shaped like a balloon and are made of a special kind of rubber. Condoms prevent sperm from reaching the cervix. They are placed over the male’s erect penis before intercourse. They are 80-90% effective. No prescription is needed to use them. They protect against STD’s. They are more protective in preventing AIDS, then preventing pregnancy. They are not fully effective because they can break, have defects, be slippery, or it can be too old. Spermicides such as: creams, foams, vaginal supporsitones, and vaginal film form a chemical barrier that kills or makes the sperm inactive, which makes it impossible to become pregnant. They are 80% effective. It is available without a prescription and provides some STD protection. Effectiveness is increased if used with condoms. Vasectomies are common for men. The tube that carries the sperm is cut and tied which prevents sperm from being ejaculated. It is 99% effective This procedure is permanent and is done through a small incision near the testicles. It does not affect sexual arousal. A cervical cap is a soft rubber dome that forms a barrier to prevent sperm from reaching the cervix. The spermicidal gel kills the sperm. It is 85% effective. It may give some protection against chlamydia and gonorrhea. The diaphragm does the same thing as a cervical cap and is 85% effective. It is a flat rubber-like disk which has to be fitted from a doctor. It is placed inside the woman’s vagina before having intercourse. It is often used with cream or jelly that is placed around the edge of the diaphragm. There is a very high failure rate because sometimes they are not fitted or inserted correctly. They create fewer health risks for women. It may reduce the risk of cervical cancer and provides some STD protection. There are also injections for men and women. In men, a dr ug is injected into the sperm duct to disable the sperm for a period of time. Depo-Provera injections that contain the hormone, progesterone is injected and it prevents the release of an egg from the ovary. It is 99% effective. It is long lasting and highly effective. It also protects against uterine cancer. But it does not protect against STD’s. Female condoms are 75-85% effective but 95% effective if used correctly.

Solubility Curves

Water Chemical formula- H2O State at room temperature- Liquid Colour- Clear Melting point- 0oC Boiling point- 100oC Water- good solvent and a range of substances will dissolve in it. What happens when a sugar lump dissolves in water? When the sugar dissolves†¦ -The moving water molecules crash into the sugar particles -The sugar particles then break away from the crystal and into the water -The sugar and water particles then mix and diffuse evenly throughout.Copper sulphate- blue crystals, hydrated because they have water trapped within them. When they are heated this water evaporates, the crystals become dehydrated and turn white. Equation for this Reaction. CuSo4 5H2O —> CuSo4 + 5H2O Solute- Solid which is dissolving Solvent- liquid in which the solute dissolves Solution- the solute and solvent mixed together Sodium hydroxide- Soluble Copper Oxide- insoluble Calcium hydroxide- Insoluble Silver iodide- insoluble Aluminium nitrate- solubleMost ionic substances will dissol ve in water but covalent substances usually wont dissolve. Solubility of a solute = mass of a solid required to a saturate 100g of water at a particular temperature. Calculating Solubility 2g potassium chlorate dissolves in 20g water at 28oC what is its solubility? 2 x 100/20 = 10. 0g potassium chlorate/100g water 4g potassium sulphate dissloves in 30g water at 50oC what is its solubilty? 4 x 100/30 = 13. 33g potassium sulphate/100g water 0g sodium chloride dissolves in 75g water at 10oC what is its solubility? 30 x 100/75 = 40g sodium chloride/100g water Solubility Of Gases Carbon dioxide is the gas which is dissolved in fizzy drinks to make the fizz. What happened when you placed sprite in a boiling tube and gave it a shake? The sprite fizzed up. What happened after you heated the sprite then gave it a shake again? If fizzed just a little Carbon dioxide is more soluble in cold liquid. The solubility of gases decreases as the temperature increases.

The Super Project Essay Example

The Super Project Essay Example The Super Project Essay The Super Project Essay Similarly, had the firm not engaged this excess capacity in the production of Super, it is likely that it would have been put to another productive use (probably In the production of Jell-O, a product line whose production levels have recently Increased substantially). For these reasons, the proportional use of the costs associated with the Jell-O building (66. 6%) and agglomerate (50%) must be added as Opportunity Costs; this also necessitates certain assumptions regarding CA tax shields and depreciation (see Appendix 8). Overhead Cost Allocation: The Stand Alone principle requires that a reject par If It is using resources from other departments. However, since overhead spending decisions at SGF are made separately from decisions to Increase volume (p. 444), projects should be evaluated on an Incremental basis. Since overhead cash flows (utilities, etc. ) are the same whether or not the project is accepted, charging overhead to the project would be inappropriate in this case. ROOF: ROOF at SGF is calculated by dividing the 10-year average profit before taxes by 10-year average funds employed. In essence, SGF Is using the Average Accounting Return (EAR). There are 3 major problems with this approach: first, the method uses accounting numbers rather than real cash flows; second, because It Is an average, the timing of cash flows (I. E. When inflows/outflows occur) is not taken into account; third, the 40% ROOF is chosen somewhat arbitrarily. The EAR method may entice managers to only choose projects that are profitable in the near term, rather than evaluating them based on their long-term value and contribution. The first period only depreciates by 5% while the next nine will depreciate by 10%. After all the depreciation has occurred there will just be the salvage value remaining for the capital asset. With depreciation being paid each year there is a tax shield created. A tax shield is a deduction in income taxes that result from taking an allowable deduction from taxable income. To find out how much the tax shield the Super Project has, just take the amount of depreciation for that period and multiple it by the tax rate (52%). The tax rate used was the average tax rate over the past 10 years. Cost of Debt and cost of equity help get different rates that are an important factor in figuring out the weighted average cost of capital (WACC). Cost of debt gives the interest rate General Foods would pay for all the current debts. While the cost of equity is the minimum rate of return that they must offer shareholders to keep them investing in their company. The Super Project has cost of debt of 1. 57% and cost of equity of 13%. This helps figure out the WACC which is the rate we expect to pay on average to all security holders to finance our assets. The WACC for the super project is 11. 77% which is less than the 13% rate of return that the shareholders are looking for. This tells us that the Super Project might not be the best idea. NPV is still the best measure for capital budgeting so we went ahead and did the calculations for it. To figure out the net present value we have to first figure out the cash flow. In 1968 we get earnings before income taxes of $283. This is the $643 total investment minus the $360 cost for test markets that we see as a sunk cost and are not including it as part of the Super Project. The cash flow generates positive revenue for the Super Project but we still have to factor in that the Super Project is eroding 20% of Jell-O causing their revenues to decrease along with their cash flow. After cash flow is figured out we are finally able to see what the NPV is. When calculating NPV you have to get the sum of discounted cash flows and add it to the initial investment. For the Super Project we get $298. 4 discounted cash flow + (653) fixed investment = (354. 6) NPV. With the NPV being a negative number, we know to reject the super project.

Reagans Popularity essays

Reagans Popularity essays Ronald Reagan presided over the United States from 1981 to 1989. Even though the country was experiencing major economic and social problems, he was popular for the majority of the time he was in office. Throughout his presidency, he and his administration worked continuously to build his image as a true American. Partially because of his image, the public ignored the rise in unemployment, the drop in salaries, the increase of people living in poverty, the increase of children born out of wedlock, and the rising number of people in jail. Reagan was popular because the public was focussing on his image and his promises, not what was actually happening. Ronald Reagans inaugural speech had a patriotic theme. In it, he stated that the country, which had unlimited potential, was limiting itself by jeopardizing its future. Striving to create a sense of confidence, he pledged to cut taxes and end deficit spending and to restore the glory of the United States (35). He sensed what the public wanted, and he promised to achieve it. Throughout his terms, he wanted them to feel that life was improving, whether it actually was or was not. Reagans image played a key role in his popularity. To his oath taking on inauguration day, he wore a formal suit. The public approved of his formal attire; his glamorous image seemed to promise that prosperity and security were in store. His good looks and sense of humor won over the public, and his self-confidence persuaded them to trust in him. His acting ability allowed him to convince his audience that everything he said would happen; the audience automatically trusted him to take care of them. To give him the appearance of a hard worker, his staff released a daily schedule that showed him working long hours. To protect his image, his staff allowed him to take part in few news conferences. His strong, self-confident image would be shattered if the public saw his confu...

Corporate Finance and Risk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Corporate Finance and Risk - Essay Example While Cheapmart has had a successful history in the United States and most West European nations, the company has faced some issues in Germany and Japan due to compliance issues with local legislation. Cheapmart is known for providing low cost retail products and is popular with millions of consumers as a cheap alternative for day-to-day groceries. The company sources a major chunk of its products mostly from cheap producers especially in the Far East and South East Asia and relies immensely on sound management for providing quality products at the cheapest prices to its customers. The ability of ‘Cheapmart’ to offer products at highly competitive prices can be attributed directly to its rapid growth as well as a highly efficient logistics system that the company has established with suppliers across the globe enabling it to secure cheap and fresh goods. Cheapmart is also a source of employment with the local communities where it operates. The Account history for Cheapmart has been sourced from its Annual report that provides information on various financial parameters such as Assets (A), Liabilities (D), Total shareholder Equity (E), Earnings before Interest and Taxes (EBIT) and the Interest payment (I). The overall financial performance of the company in terms of these variables during the financial year 2009 has been stated below. Matrices from page 17 to 30 have also been included. The only difference is that the pdf explains the process in a step by step manner and most are in fact exercises for the user. The cumulative probability table and thereafter provides a composite outlook.) From an overall perspective, Cheapmart operates under three market conditions namely good, average and bad. The prospects of sales depend on per-capita consumer spending and the average consumption of a customer in kilos per year (since Cheapmart is primarily a grocery chain). Financial risk: Alan Hippe, CEO of Continental, noted that the total

Human Nutrition-Supersize Me Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Human Nutrition-Supersize Me - Movie Review Example This is so huge that it is only second to smoking as a leading, preventable cause of death. In 2007-2008 the estimated prevalence for the years 2007 – 2008, in US has been calculated at 33.8% meaning 33 people out of every hundred must lose weight (Flegal et al, 2010). In the movie another interesting concept had been put forward. American children know more about Ronald McDonald than the forefathers of USA which was shown in one of the scenes where Spurlock shows a couple of pictures to 1st grade children in Worcester, MA. This is due to variety of reasons. Strong media advertising campaign by the company which in 2001 amounted to 1.3 billion dollars. If Britney Spears and other celebrities campaigned for something healthy rather than for ‘Pepsi cola’, then parents would have a good chance in talking some sense into their children. Another interesting thing to note in this movie was a notion that children associated themselves with happy memories of the playhouses accompanying most of the McDonald outlets and later on in life whenever they saw the place, those thoughts are recalled and hence a perpetuation of the cycle of dining at the same place over and over again. Food programs have been shown to be deficient in most of the school s with less focus over fresh fruits and vegetables although costing the same. Physical activity needs of the children must be addressed appropriately in schools with more attention brought to the states who have the highest obesity rates like Mississippi. As part of my personal experience I remember visiting a McDonalds outlet in downtown Manhattan with my parents. I was a 1st grader at that time. I had time of my life that day and still the family album contains my photographs with Ronald McDonald and my happy meal toys. Though I remember losing some of the toys to another kid, still, it did not put me off enough to not think of this place when I am an adult. Those warm feelings come back to me

The concept of net present values can be used in this situation to Essay

The concept of net present values can be used in this situation to advise Harriet on the most appropriate action to take - Essay Example The most suitable payment option of the two can be chosen with the help of present value concept. Harriet should choose the option which provides the lowest cost to be paid for the purchase of TV. The first option involving a complete payment of 899 today is to be compared with the second option suggesting payment of 50 in the beginning with 40 to be paid every month for the next 2 years. The present value of 899 to be paid today is simply 899. However, the present value of 50 today + 40 monthly for 24 months needs to be calculated. For this purpose the values of monthly payment needs to be discounted back at the rate of return Harriet expects to earn on an alternative investment. This would provide the present value of that series of payment that the purchase of TV requires. Because of the fact that there is equal monthly outflow, the NPV can be calculated with the help of the following formula: The above calculation suggest that Harriet will actually be paying 981 as the total cost of purchasing the TV if she decides to accept the second option i.e. 50 plus equal monthly payment for the next 2 years. However, if Harriet decides to pay the cost of TV today, she would only be paying 899. This illustrate that Harriet will have to pay 80 in excess of the cost of TV if she agrees to pay in future instalments. Hence, on the basis of the abov... Hence, on the basis of the above calculations, it is advised that Harriet should pay the cost of TV today i.e. 899 because of the fact that she will have to bear higher cost if she pays in instalments. Part 3: Limitations of NPV as a Method of Investment Appraisal Despite the fact that Net Present Value or NPV serves to be the most important of all the available investment appraisal techniques, there happen to be several limitations of this method. The first drawback of using NPV as investment appraisal is this method's reliance on discount rates which should represent the opportunity cost of capital. This opportunity cost of capital might be the cost of funds employed in the investment, rate of return on alternate investment and inflation etc. The determination of a correct discount rate is very important in the calculation of NPV as it is the rate which is used to discount back the value of future cash inflows to their present values. An inaccurate estimation of discount rate will lead to acceptance of a wrong project or rejection of a right one. Another important point to be considered in calculation of NPV is that the method does not consider risk involved in accepting a project. It just evaluates a project on the basis of time value of money. However, there are several risks that are involved in starting a new project other than the time value of money such as business risk, financial risk, market risk, industry risk etc. A high NPV project might be having huge risk as compared to a low NPV project. The decision criteria made solely on the basis of NPV with no consideration for project risk can be misleading. Even if a risk premium is added to the discount rate, NPV will assume that the risk rate

Human Resources Essay Example for Free

Human Resources Essay Human Resource Policies Assessing personnel needs HR must be approachable if an employee seeks advice regarding employment Recruiting personnel   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Recruitment must be objective and has to meet the standards of the company Screening personnel Applicants must be screened in an objective manner and test their aptitude for the job Selecting and hiring personnel   Upon selection, the hired applicants will be more than qualified for the job applied for Orienting new employees to the organization   Newly-hired employees are oriented by the company guided by its mission and vision Deciding compensation issues Compensation and other benefits should be discussed upon signing the contract. Benefits and Compensation Basic Salary   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The monthly wages that an employee must received due to work rendered. Night Differential   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   An employee who works from 10pm until 6am will get a 30% of his basic salary Fringe Benefit   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Employees should be   complemented with the following: housing, group insurance (health, dental, life etc.), income protection, retirement benefits,daycare, tuition reimbursement, sick leave, vacation (paid and non-paid), social security, profit sharing, funding of education, and other specialized benefits.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Employee awards Prolific   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   An employee is award because he works more than is required. Efficiency   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   An employee is awarded because of his work ethic and objectivity Resourcefulness   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     An employee is rawwarded due to his ability to find alternatives for the betterment of the job Customer Satisfaction It is always a company standard to treat a client in a proper manner, so as to make an increase in sales. Such award given to the employee makes him a role model for other employees. Innovative An employee is given this award because he strives for progress Salesmanship An employee makes a transaction beyond his quota, sales of the company would increase and will give the company and the manufacturer a boost on their public relations. Citation: The Art of Motivation: An Incentive Industry Primer

John H. Johnson :: essays research papers

John H. Johnson was born January 19, 1918 in rural Arkansas City, Arkansas. His parents were Leroy Johnson and Gertrude Jenkins Johnson. His father was killed in a sawmill accident when little John was eight years old. He attended the community's overcrowded, segregated elementary school. In the early 1930s, there was no public high school for African-Americans in Arkansas. His mother heard of better opportunities for African-Americans in Chicago and saved her meager earnings as a washerwoman and a cook and for years until she could afford to move her family to Chicago. This resulted in them becoming a part of the African-American Great Migration of 1933. There, Johnson was exposed to something he never knew existed, middle class black people. Johnson enrolled in DuSable High School and was an excelling student. Because of his achievements, Johnson was invited in 1936, to speak at a dinner held by the Urban League. Harry Pace, the President of the Supreme Liberty Life Insurance Company, was so impressed with Johnson's speech that he offered him a job and a scholarship to attend college part-time. But his interest focused primarily on the operations at the insurance firm and eventually he dropped his studies at the University of Chicago. In 1939 at the age of 21 he became the editor of Pace's in-house magazine. Collecting articles culled from national publications, Johnson realizes he had struck gold. In 1941, Johnson married Eunice Walker and found a full-time position at Supreme Liberty Life. One of Johnson's job descriptions at Supreme Liberty Life was to collect the news and information about African-Americans and prepare a weekly digest for Pace. He thought that a "Negro newspaper" could be sold and marketed and have people to be very interested in it. In 1942, Johnson borrowed $500 from his mother's furniture and started the Johnson Publishing Company. Johnson got idea, The Negro Digest, and modeled it after the Reader's Digest but it took aimed at African-Americans. He launched the Negro Digest, which took a serious look at racial issues and featured articles from prominent black and white writers. The Negro Digest circulated around 50,000. The magazine featured articles about the social inequalities in the United States and gave a voice to the concerns of African-Americans. Within eight months the Negro Digest reached about $50,000 a month in sales. In 1945, Johnson launched his second publication, the Ebony magazine, in which focused on the diverse achievements and successes of African-Americans.

The Increasing demand on the UK’s construction industry

Britain's construction activities have risen considerably over the last decade and according to industry forecasts, the next five years will see more large projects commencing and highlighting once again the need for skilled labour in the UK. The government already has many construction plans underway which all lead to an 11% predicted increase (Olympic shortfall 18/11/07) in construction output between now and 2011. Some of the major projects that contribute to the rising demands include a surge in schools construction, increased spending on transport and projects for the London Olympics. The government has invested in a reported à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½4.7bn (Financial Times Limited 2007 17/11/07) to rebiuld or renew every secondary school in the country. This is a massive project and dwarfs the construction of the London olympics in comparison. ConstructionSkills is one of a series of employer-led sector skills bodies established by government to help produce enough skilled workers to meet the high demand. ConstructionSkills says that employment in the industry will need to rise by almost a sixth to 2.8m by 2011, compared with 2.4m in 2005 and 87,600 new recruits will be needed by the industry â€Å"each year between 2007 and 2011 in order to meet demand†.(ConstructionSkills 2007) Infrustructure activity is also increasing with construction underway for the redevelopment of King's Cross and Crossrail and the expansion and refurbishment of the Birmingham New Street and Nottingham railway stations. Other infrastructure developments include work on the Manchester Metro Link, the M6 toll road, the M25. Also the Scottish Executive's (Financial Times Limited 2007 17/11/07) planned à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3bn capital investment programme in strategic road and rail projects and expansion of ports at Harwich, Felixstowe and Great Yarmouth. Aside from all these major developments, there is still as high demand as ever for more residential housing. It is reported (UK home supply way below demand 17/11/07) that Britain is now so short of new houses that an extra 39,000 need to be built each year just to keep up with the UK's population growth. The huge shortage of skilled labour in the UK is undoubtedly a major factor and could undermine the success of the 2012 Olympics in London. Reports made through the Research by the sector skills councils has revealed the Olympics needs around 13,000 construction workers and 1,500 electricians and plumbers a year between now and 2012 (Olympic shortfall 18/11/07). The new Heathrow terminal 5 is another project that highlights the severe skills shortage in the construction sector. The new T5 is estimated to cost à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½4bn and is one of Europe's biggest projects at the moment. Terminal 5 will have roads and rail links built for it and will have over a hundred aircraft stands as well as the tallest control tower in the country. All these projects are desperately in need of skilled labour and huge investments are being made by the government and big companies to provide training schemes for people to help overcome these demands. The construction of the Heathrow terminal 5 has influenced BAA, the company that manages Heathrow to collaborate with the learning and Skills Council (LSC) to set up the Heathrow Construction Centre to train young people in carpentry, joinery and bricklaying. Many young people are now applying to the training centre with the influence of high salary opportunities being advertised for a wide range of jobs. David Boyer, a representative of LSC says â€Å"the key is finding something that they want to do and that employers will pay for†¦and construction fits the bill perfectly.† (David Bower 2007) CSV, the UK's largest volunteering and training charity is another organisation that has many Construction Training Centres around the country. Its main aim is to take on young people from the age of 16 and train them up in a construction field that interests them. The Training Centre on Hornsey Road is CSV Springboard Islington Trust's training facility and is helping to meet the demand from employer training needs arising as a result of the Kings Cross re-generation programme or the Olympics. The Islington training centre has three sectors in the area and alone provides learning for over 600 students (Sky-high salaries for airport construction workers 18/11/07). The main issue with the construction industry in the UK at the moment is that activity continues to rise at a rapid pace and with all the training schemes at the minute, not enough skilled craftsman and professional workman are coming out of it to keep up with the demand. There is a reported large number of craftsmen in the UK that don't have the qualifications that are required to work on the Olympic sites etc. Organisations such as Summit Skills are committed to helping provide the necessary qualifications to people with the skills but who have not finished an NVQ level 3 for instance. Students doing a construction course at schools or colleges will commonly do a full NVQ which includes gaining technical certificates and national vocational qualifications. Some of the courses involve training on-site to acquire the appropriate qualifications. The government has also addressed the issue for the need of more skilled labour by introducing new courses at schools and colleges. In 2008, a new diploma in construction and the built environment will be introduced. However many specialist diplomas and GCSE's will not be available until 2013. The other opportunities that are given to young people to work in construction are through the apprenticeship or scholarship schemes. Such schemes are usually offered directly from companies. It's often the best route for young people who do not have the appropriate background. The apprenticeship programme was introduced to the UK in 1994 (as modern apprenticeships). Apprenticeships give the student the opportunity to study at college to receive the required qualifications and do work based on the site on a part time basis. Apprentices earn while being in education and for most young people it is a very attractive prospect. It also gives a higher rate of employment for those that do it as the companies, for the majority of the time offer the person a full time job after they have completed their apprenticeship. But in the last couple of years, the numbers of apprenticeships have reduced as the interest for them has increased. With over 50,000 applications for 10,000 places (Olympic s hortfall 18/11/07), the traditional apprenticeship route cannot meet growing demand. However, to help overcome this problem, there are many colleges today that are involved with big construction companies making it easier for students to find the apprenticeship that interest them. In apprenticeships, the students are usually required to stay in education until they achieve a full NVQ before they are offered a full time job but a scholarship on the other hand requires the student to attend university either part time or full time in order to gain higher qualifications such as a degree to make them eligible for high skilled work afterwards. Scholarships are also offered usually directly from a company and offers to support the student financially by paying the tuition fees to the university and the company will often offer a the student work placement between their time at university to give them the required experience in the job. Although there is many efforts being done to overcome the shortage of skilled labour in the UK, it is still evident that yet more needs to be done to reduce the gap between the demand for skilled labour and the amount of trained personnel coming up every year. In the next five years, there is going to be an increase in activity for the UK construction industry and it is estimated that 87,600 new recruits (Financial Times Limited 2007 17/11/07) will be needed by the industry every year to cope with the work needed. I believe that in order to tackle this problem for the shortage of skilled labour in the UK, more efforts must be made concentrating on the source of the problem, the training of personal to meet the levels required by the industry. It is a fact that yet not enough programmes are being opened to help encourage young people to look for a career in construction and to educate and train them to the required levels. At the moment, the government is concentrating on opening new training centres in London because of the increasing work being made by the construction of the East London Olympic sites. However, training centres should be opened in more cities around the UK in the next few years to help train up as many people in as short time as possible to help overcome the shortage of required labour. I think that more training programmes should be done on development sites such as the Heathrow construction centres helping to train young people. I believe that such programmes help to train and educate a person on the job and give them the required skills in a short period of time. Other steps that can be taken is to introduce more specialized construction courses at schools and colleges to help encourage young people to choose a career in the construction field. At the moment, a successful example is the Construction and Built Environment Diploma which around 4000 people take every year (Construction Digital 17/11/07) Another step that can be taken is to encourage more construction companies to introduce more apprenticeships and scholarships to young people. This will attract more people to join the construction industry and will produce more high skilled labour to meet demands of the modern day. If the UK construction industry remains to be in the situation it is now with a huge shortage of skilled labour then the only solution left will be to bring in even more migrant workers from east European countries, such as Ukraine, Poland and Lithuania, to fill gaps on building sites. This will in effect reduce the building standards and safety on the site just so companies can give out low wages and save costs. In reality, this is very likey to happen but the government will only apply it in a worst case scenerio to overcome the problem. Although it might not be possible to finish all these huge projects in the UK without aquiring the help from migrant workers, we could however train as many people as we can so that less workers from abroad are needed, making the UK construction industry stronger and more successful.

Nietzche’s Moral and Political Philosophy Essay

In â€Å"Nietzche’s Moral and Political Philosophy† Nietzches theory of the strong and weak willed is explained to us. Nietzsche â€Å"seems to want to say that anyone who is strong, independent, and so on — anyone who fits his description o the higher type of man — is one who has value in himself†. I think it is interesting that Nietzsche puts such high value on a man who can think for himself, but if this man has followers and admirers of his work, these followers are considered weak willed. If everyone in the world thought for himself and broke free of the society accepted norms, our World would be one of mad chaos. Nobody believing each other or taking another mans word, everyone having to find out for themselves, and everyone trying to rise above another to â€Å"break free from societal norms†. Although it should be praised when a man has a strong will to power and can break free from the common attitudes and beliefs, i do not believe this path of master morality is something every man should do. Nietzsche seems to place a much higher value on a man that breaks free of society, and says the â€Å"followers† shape everything in society to work against this man,â€Å"[m]oral judgments and condemnations constitute the favorite revenge of the spiritually limited against those less limited† (BGE 219), and he claims that the â€Å"chief means† by which the â€Å"weak and mediocre†¦weaken and pull down the stronger† is â€Å"the moral judgment†. To better understand this you could say, that the Government (the weak willed) put restrictions on citizens to get them to conform to societal norms. The goal of this is to weaken the citizens and prevent them from rising above the government. In the example I used above I would [Type text] [Type text] [Type text] argue to Nietzsche that in rising above this weak willed government in order to become a strong willed person, could mean i am breaking laws and harming others in order to fit in the master morality category. How would he explain criminals who â€Å"break free of societal norms and attitudes† but do it by unjust means? I think this theory of what a strong and weak willed man is, is very questionable. Although you should aspire to question what you are taught and common beliefs are, i don’t believe all men who do this are â€Å"strong-willed†.

The Evolutionary Arms Race - Natural Selection

The Evolutionary Arms Race - Natural Selection Species, in order to evolve, must accumulate adaptations that are favorable for the environment in which they live. These preferred traits are what make an individual more fit and able to live long enough to reproduce. Since ​natural selection chooses these favorable characteristics, they get passed down to the next generation. Other individuals that do not exhibit those traits die out and, eventually, their genes are no longer available in the gene pool. As these species evolve, other species that are in close symbiotic relationships with those species must also evolve. This is called co-evolution and it is often compared to an evolutionary form of an arms race. As one species evolves, the other species it interacts with must also evolve or they may go extinct. Symmetrical Arms Race In the case of a symmetrical arms race in evolution, the co-evolving species are changing in the same way. Usually, a symmetrical arms race is a result of competition over a resource in an area that is limited. For example, the roots of some plants will grow deeper than others to obtain water. As the water level goes down, only the plants with the longer roots will survive. Plants with shorter roots will be forced to adapt by growing longer roots, or they will die. The competing plants will keep evolving longer and longer roots, trying to outperform each other and get the water. Asymmetrical Arms Race As the name implies, an asymmetrical arms race will result in the species to adapt in different ways. This type of evolutionary arms race still results in the co-evolution of the species. Most asymmetrical arms races come from a predator-prey relationship of some sort. For instance, in the predator-prey relationship of lions and zebras, the result is an asymmetrical arms race. The zebras become faster and stronger to escape the lions. That means the lions need to become stealthier and better hunters in order to keep eating zebras. The two species are not evolving the same types of traits, but if one evolves, it creates the need in the other species to also evolve in order to survive. Evolutionary Arms Races and Disease Humans are not immune to the evolutionary arms race. In fact, the human species is accumulating adaptations constantly to fight disease. The host-parasite relationship is a good example of an evolutionary arms race that can include humans. As parasites invade the human body, the human immune system will kick in to try to eliminate the parasite. Therefore, the parasite must have a good defense mechanism to be able to stay in the human without being killed off or expelled. As the parasite adapts and evolves, the human immune system must adapt and evolve as well. Similarly, the phenomenon of antibiotic resistance in bacteria is also a type of evolutionary arms race. Doctors often prescribe antibiotics for patients that have a bacterial infection in hopes that the antibiotics will stimulate the immune system and kill off the disease-causing pathogen. Over time and repeated uses of antibiotics, only bacteria that have evolved to be immune to the antibiotics will survive and the antibiotics will no longer be effective in killing off the bacteria. At that point, another treatment will be necessary and force the human to either co-evolve to fight off the stronger bacteria, or find a new cure to which the bacteria are not immune. This is the reason why it is important for doctors not to overprescribe antibiotics every time a patient is sick.